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Dowry deaths are deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. Dowry deaths are found in India,〔 Pakistan,〔(PAKISTAN: The social injustice behind the practice of dowry-when greed dictates society ) Asian Human Rights Commission (2014)〕 Bangladesh,〔 and Iran.〔(Isfahan man kills daughter over inability to pay dowry ) Public Broadcasting Service, Washington DC (August 16, 2010)〕〔Kiani et al. (2014), A Survey on Spousal Abuse of 500 Victims in Iran, American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 35(1):50-54, March 2014〕 India reports the highest total number of dowry deaths with 8,391 such deaths reported in 2010, 1.4 deaths per 100,000 women. Adjusted for population, Pakistan, with 2,000 reported such deaths per year, has the highest rate of dowry death at 2.45 per 100,000 women.〔Subhani, D., Imtiaz, M., & Afza, S. (2009), To estimate an equation explaining the determinants of Dowry, MePRC Journal, University of Munich, Germany〕〔Anderson, Siwan (2000), "The economics of dowry payments in Pakistan," ''Mimeo'', Tilburg University Press, Center for Economic Research〕 Dowry death is considered one of the many categories of violence against women, alongside rape, bride burning, eve teasing, and acid throwing. ==India== Most dowry deaths occur when the young woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides are by hanging, poisoning or by fire. Sometimes the woman is killed by setting herself on fire; this is known as "bride burning", and sometimes disguised as suicide or accident. Death by burning of Indian women have been more frequently attributed to dowry conflicts. In dowry deaths, the groom’s family is the perpetrator of murder or suicide.〔Oldenburg, V. T. (2002). Dowry murder: The imperial origins of a cultural crime. Oxford University Press.〕 India has by far the highest number of dowry related deaths in the world according to Indian National Crime Record Bureau. In 2012, 8,233 dowry death cases were reported across India. This means a bride was burned every 90 minutes, or dowry issues cause 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in India.〔(Provisional 2011 Census Data ), Government of India (2011)〕〔(Crime statistics in India ), Government of India (2011)〕 For contextual reference, the United Nations reports a worldwide average female homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 women, and an average of 1.6 homicides per 100,000 women for Northern Europe in 2012.〔(UNODC Homicide Data by Sex ) United Nations (2013)〕 Although India's dowry death rate per 100,000 is lower than equivalent rate for Pakistan and Bangladesh, it is a significant social issue in India. According to a 1996 report by Indian police, every year it receives over 2,500 reports of bride-burning.〔(Bride-burning claims hundreds in India: Practice sometimes disguised as suicide or accident ) ''CNN'', August 18, 1996.〕 The Indian National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports that there were about 8331 dowry death cases registered in India in 2011.〔 Incidents of dowry deaths during the year 2008 (8172) have increased by 14.4 per cent over 1998 level (7146),〔(Point No.17, Dowry Deaths )〕 while India's population grew at 17.6% over the 10-year period.〔(Decadal Growth Rates in India ) Census of India, Government of India, New Delhi (2012)〕 The accuracy of these figures have received a great deal of scrutiny from critics who believe dowry deaths are consistently under-reported Dowry deaths in India is not limited to Hindus or any specific religion. The ratio of dowry deaths are about the same as the ratio of population in India by religions.〔Newman, A. (1992). For Richer, For Poorer, Til Death Do Us Part: India's Response to Dowry Deaths. ILSA J. Int'l L., 15, 109.〕〔Kulshrestha, P., Sharma, R. K., & Dogra, T. D. (2002); (The study of sociological and demographical variables of unnatural deaths among young women in South Delhi within seven years of marriage ), Hindu, 103(88.03), 88-03.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dowry death」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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